Collotypes of graptolites: women, objectivity and judgement in Edwardian palaeontology

A Monograph of British Graptolites (1901–1918), written by Gertrude Elles and illustrated by Ethel Wood under the editorship of Charles Lapworth, was a landmark in biostratigraphy. Wood's camera lucida illustrations of the tiny titular fossil invertebrates, reproduced by the photomechanical collotype process, were key to the book's utility and the product of much experimentation, strain, and expense. Speaking to scholarship on women in geology and on scientific illustration, especially contested